Kuriozitete dhe fakte mbi gjuhët e folura ne Botë
Sa gjuhe mund te mesojne femijet para moshes 5-vjeçare? Cilat jane 10 gjuhet me e veshtira ne bote dhe pse eshte edhe frengjishtja ne kete liste? A ka nje gjuhe zyrtare SHBA?
25 kuriozitetet per gjuhet
1. Nese po pyet se sa gjuhe fliten ne tere botin pergjigja eshte 7.000 gjuhe te folura nga 7 miliarde njerez.
2. 75 % e banoreve te tokes flasin me shume se nje gjuhe. Bibla eshte libri me i perkthyer ne bote, eshte i disponueshem ne 2.454 gjuhe.
3. Vetem ne Azi fliten 2.000 gjuhe. Dhe gjysma e tyre fliten ne nje vend te vetem: Papua Guinea e Re.
4. Eshte nje gjuhe ne Meksike, ajapenko, qe rrezikon te zhduket, pasi vetem dy vete e flasin, Manuel Segovia, 78 vjeç, dhe Isidro Velazquez, 72, e per me teper keta dy persona as nuk flasin me njeri-tjetrin pas nje zenke. Vodafone gjerman ka realizuar nje projekt per ta shpetuar kete gjuhe. Por jane te pakten 2.400 gjuhe te klasifikuara “ne rrezik”.
5. Femijet jane ne gjendje te mesojne shume gjuhe me te cilat perballen. Sipas shkences, mesimi i shume gjuheve nga femijet nuk ka te beje me trurin apo me zgjuarsine, por me ekspozimin e tyre ndaj gjuheve. Pra, ne sa me shume gjuhe t’i ekspozoni, femijet do t’i mesojne.
6. Gjuhetaret kane krijuar bindjen se nje mesimi i 4 gjuheve per nje femije 5-vjeçar eshte i mundur. Pavaresisht asaj qe besojme, femijet nuk ngaterrohen me mesimin e shume shprehjeve frazeologjike. Edhe pse perzierja e shume gjuheve fillimisht mund t’i ngaterroje, me kalimin e kohesh arrijne te bejne dallimin. Kjo “aftesi” ose dritare e madhe e fatit zhduket shpejt pas 5 viteve jete. Nese mesohet nje gjuhe para kesaj periudhe kritike, memorizohet ne nje pjese te ndryshme te trurit ne krahasim me ato qe mesojme me vone ne jete.
7. eshte e çuditshme, por e vertete. Shtetet e Bashkuara te Amerikes nuk kane nje gjuhe zyrtare. Nga viti 2006, anglishtja eshte cilesuar si “gjuha e perbashket dhe unifikuese”, dhe pse eshte gjuha nene e 82% te popullsise amerikane, vetem 27 shtete nga 50 e kane gjuhen e tyre zyrtare. Gjuha e dyte me e perdorur ne SHBA eshte spanjishtja, e flasin 28 milion persona. Megjithate gjuha angleze (specifikisht anglishtja amerikane) perdoret ne Kushtetute, ligje, gjykata, politike, etj.
8. Gjuha esperanto eshte nje gjuhe artificiale, e folur nga nje numer personash qe variojne nga 500.000 deri ne 2.000.000. eshte perdorur edhe ne dy filma.
9. Cila eshte gjuha me e veshtire ne bote? Per kete çeshtje ka teori te ndryshme dhe duhet theksuar se nga cila gjuha nene kerkon te mesosh nje gjuhe tjeter. Sipas shkencetareve amerikane Defense Language Institute, gjuhet me te veshtira ne bote per t’u mesuar nga anglishtfolesit e lindur jane gjuha arabe, kineze, japoneze dhe koreane. Por eshte edhe nje liste me top 10 gjuhet me te veshtira per t’u mesuar sipas UNESCO-s. Sipas radhes gjuhet me te veshtira jane: gjuha kineze, greke, arabe, islandeze, japoneze, finlandeze, gjermane, norvegjeze, daneze dhe… gjuha franceze. E çuditshme per kete te fundit, por ama eshte e vertete se gjuha franceze eshte me e lehte per t’u mesuar nga ata qe flasin nje gjuhe me origjine latine si italianet, spanjollet, portugezet, por eshte shume e veshtire per te tjeret per shkak theksit dhe shqiptimit.
10. Afrika e Jugut eshte vendi me me shume gjuhe zyrtare: 11, dy nder te cilat jane dy gjuhe indoevropiane dhe nente gjuhe bantu. Perpara vitit 1994 ishin vetem dy gjuhe zyrtare dhe ishin joafrikane madje: anglishtja dhe afrikaans. Gjuha me e folur eshte zulu, por eshte edhe gjuha nlu, qe flitet nga vetem 10 persona.
11. Gjuha me e izoluar ne bote, ne sensin qe eshte e vetmja gjuha ne bote qe nuk ka asnje lloj lidhje me ndonje gjuhe tjeter eshte ajo baske. E folur vetem ne zonat kufitare malore mes Spanjes dhe Frances, eshte edhe gjuha me e vjeter ne Europe.
12. Ka rreth 225 gjuhe vendase ne Europe – afersisht 3% e totalit boteror. Pjesa me e madhe e gjuheve te botes fliten ne Azi dhe Afrike.
13. Ne jeten e perditshme europianet gjithnje e me shume hasin gjuhe te huaja. Ekziston nevoja per te ngjallur nje interes me te madh per gjuhet mes qytetareve europiane.
14. Shume gjuhe kane 50.000 fjale ose me shume, por njerezit normalisht dine dhe perdorin vetem nje pjese te fjalorit te pergjithshem: ne bisedat e perditshme njerezit perdorin te njejtin fjalor te perbere nga disa qindra fjale.
15. Gjuhet jane vazhdimisht ne kontakt dhe ndikojne njera-tjetren ne shume menyra. Anglishtja ne te shkuaren ka huazuar fjale dhe shprehje nga shume gjuhe, sot gjuhet evropiane po huazojne fjale nga gjuha angleze.
16. Ne vitin e pare te jetes foshnja shqipton nje sasi te madhe tingujsh, gjate vitit te pare shqipton fjalet e para te kuptueshme, ne moshen tre vjeç formon fjali komplekse, ne moshen pesevjeçare femija zoteron disa mijera fjale.
17. Gjuha amtare eshte zakonisht gjuha qe njihet me mire dhe me e perdorur. Por mund te kete dhe “dygjuhesh perfekte” qe flase gjuhet njelloj. Sidoqofte ‘dygjuheshit’ nuk tregojne ekuiliber te persosur mes dy gjuheve.
18. Dygjuhesia sjell mjaft perfitime: lehteson mesimin e gjuheve te tjera, nxit procesin e te mesuarit dhe forcon lidhjet me njerez dhe kulturat e tyre.
19. Dygjuhesia dhe shumegjuhesia sjellin avantazhe ekonomike si per shembull punet gjenden me lehtesisht nga ata qe flasin gjuhe te huaja, kompanite shumegjuheshe jane faktor konkurrues me te mire se ato njegjuheshe.
20. Gjuhet jane te lidhura me njera-tjetren si anetaret e nje familjeje. Shume gjuhe europiane i perkasin familjes se madhe indo-europiane.
21. Shume gjuhe europiane u perkasin tre grupeve te medha: gjermanike, romane dhe sllave. Familja e gjuheve gjermanike perfshin danishten, norvegjishten, suedishten, islandishten, gjermanishten, holandishten, anglishten. etj. Gjuhet latine perfshijne italishten, frengjishten, spanjishten, portugalishten dhe rumanishten etj. Gjuhet sllave perfshijne rusishten, ukrainishten, bjellorusishten, polonishten, çekishten, sllovakishten, sllovenishten, serbishten, kroatishten, maqedonishten, bullgarishten etj.
22. Shume gjuhe europiane perdorin alfabetin latin. Disa gjuhe sllave perdorin alfabetin cirilik. Greqishtja, armenishtja, gjeorgjishtja dhe ildishtja kane alfabetin e tyre.
23. Gjuhet joeuropiane te perdorura ne territorin europian jane gjuhet arabike, kineze dhe indu, secila me nje sistem te caktuar te te shkruarit. Shume shtete europiane kane nje numer te caktuar gjuhesh rajonale ose minoritare, ku disa prej te cilave kane marre status zyrtar.
24. Rusia (me 148 milione banore) ka numrin me te madh te gjuheve te folura ne territorin e saj: nga 130 deri 200 ne vartesi te kritereve.
25. Si rezultat i fluksit te emigranteve dhe refugjateve, Europa eshte bere gjeresisht shumegjuheshe. Vetem ne Londer fliten rreth 300 gjuhe (arabisht, turqisht, kurdisht, berbere, indu, punzhabi etj).
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