Struktura e personalitetit sipas Frojdit
Struktura e personalitetit sipas Frojdit
Sipas mësimit të Frojdit, struktura e personalitetit përbëhet nga tre shtresa: Id (instinkti), Ego (uni) dhe Superego (ndërgjegje).
Id-i është një pjesë e pavetëdijshme e personalitetit dhe përbën rreth 2/3 e proceseve, gjendjeve dhe sjelljes psikike. Id-i përbëhet prej instinkteve të jetës: seksit, urisë, etjes dhe instinkti i vdekjes.
Proceset psikike për arritjen e kënaqësisë janë reflekset që janë pjesë e proceseve të pavetëdijshme. Parimi themelor me të cilin qeverisen sjelljet e një personi është parimi i kënaqësisë. Kjo pjesë e personalitetit nuk shikon kufijtë, normat morale, rregulloret, por për id-in është me rëndësi që të arrijë kënaqësinë përmes instinkteve dhe pasi id-i udhëhiqet nga instinktet atëherë përmban edhe tërë energjinë psikike që quhet libido apo epsh.
Ndërlidhja mes id-it, ego-s dhe superego-s
Ego (uni) është një pjesë e ndërgjegjshme e personalitetit. Kjo shtresë e personalitetit futet tek njeriu nga bota e jashtme fizike dhe shoqërore në bazë të të dhënave racionale që mbledh përmes vëzhgimit, kujtesës dhe të të menduarit. Ndryshe nga id-i, ego udhëhiqet nga parimi i realitetit në sjellje. Instinktet nuk mund të plotësohen vetëm për hir të kënaqësisë. Ka norma dhe rregulla, si kur dhe me kusht duhet të kënaqë një instinkt seksual. Ego shtyn kënaqësinë, zgjedh situata të pranueshme dhe i përshtat instinktet në kushte realiste mjedisore.
Superego-ja (ndërgjegjja) përbëhet nga parimet morale, norma dhe rregulla morale. Superego-ja është shtresë apo pjesë e personalitetit të njeriut që krijohet nga produkti i jetës në një mjedis të caktuar social.
Në mes të këtyre tri shtresave të personalitetit nuk janë rregulluar hierarki marrëdhëniesh në të cilën superego luan një rol kryesor udhëzues. Superego-ja apo ndërgjegjja kontrollon veten dhe veprat që lidhen me idin ndërsa ego drejton veprimet e id-it dhe me këtë arrin të kontrollojë rrethanat në të cilat instinktet mund të plotësohen. Por problemi është te burimi (id-i) i cili prodhon super energji (libido), sepse burimi i energjisë është id-i dhe varet nga aktiviteti apo veprimet e ego-s dhe superego-s. Megjithatë, kur id-i largohet nga kontrolli i egos dhe kënaqë disa instinkte sipas parimit të kënaqësisë, atëherë superego-ja dënon ego-n. Ka një ndjenjë që njihet si një pickim i ndërgjegjes.
Në kushte normale, ekziston një rend dhe harmoni relative midis këtyre tre shtresave të personalitetit. Megjithatë, në situata të caktuara shpeshherë ndodhë një konflikt. Rezultati i këtyre konflikteve është shfaqja e një ndjenje të pakëndshme të ankthit. Personi në këtë situate ndjenë një shqetësim të brendshëm dhe përpiqet të shpëtojë në një farë mënyre. Dy zgjidhje janë të mundshme: përdorimi i mekanizmave mbrojtës ose kalimi në sëmundje – apo në nervozizëm.
Çfarë shpjegoi Frojdi?
Frojdi ishte i pari që i shpjegoi mekanizmat mbrojtës si komponent kur bëhet fjalë tek gjendja e personit i cili në jetë sprovohet me dështime të shpeshta apo pamundësisë për të kënaqur motivet, dëshirat dhe interesat atëherë kalon në pasoja negative të tilla si ankthi. Në këto raste kur personaliteti i njeriut përpiqet për të hequr qafe këtë situatë të pakëndshme dhe për të shmangur humbjen e vetëbesimit. Pastaj ai në mënyrë të pandërgjegjshme përdor mekanizma mbrojtës. Ato pra, mekanizmat mbrojtës përfaqësojnë në përgjithësi metodat e reagimit ndaj situatave frustuese. Për shkak të frustrimit të shpeshtë, personaliteti i një kushtetute më labile shpesh gjen një rrugë shpëtimi në një neurozë sëmundjeje.
Reagimet neurotike në një farë mënyre lehtësojnë gjendjen ekzistuese dhe çojnë në kanalizimin e ankthit në një drejtim që do të ishte i pranueshëm për personin dhe mjedisin. Zakonisht pacienti nuk është i vetëdijshëm për shkakun e sëmundjes, sepse ata janë të shtypur në shtresën e pavetëdijshme të personalitetit. Ajo që është e shtypur nuk shkatërrohet, kështu që menaxhon sjelljen duke krijuar kështu simptoma të caktuara të reaksionit neurotik.
Frojdi ishte psikologu i parë i cili bëri menaxhimin dhe shërimin e neurozës duke e trajtuar atë përmes përdorimit të hipnozës, përmes së cilës ai ka “nxjerr” informatat traumatike nga nëndija e pacientit dhe i ka pasqyruar në vetëdijen reale dhe në këtë mënyrë atë e ka mësuar si të veprojë me mençuri në veprimet e tij.
Autore: Ikballe Berisha Huduti
(Revista “Vlera”, nr. 26, maj/qershor 2018, fq. 29)
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Tiêu đề: “B52 Club – Trải nghiệm Game Đánh Bài Trực Tuyến Tuyệt Vời”
B52 Club là một cổng game phổ biến trong cộng đồng trực tuyến, đưa người chơi vào thế giới hấp dẫn với nhiều yếu tố quan trọng đã giúp trò chơi trở nên nổi tiếng và thu hút đông đảo người tham gia.
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